BY

as a prep. introducing the agent in a passive construction may be rendered by ló (nahtana ló Turin *“slain by Túrin”, VT42:24) or by the instrumental case (turún’ ambartanen “by doom mastered”, UT:138). BY meaning “near; next to” may be rendered by ara “beside” (*coa ara ëar, “a house by the sea”). BY THIS MEANS, see SO.